- List of foods high in linoleic acid US Department of Agriculture
- Grundy SM, 1994, Influence of stearic acid on cholesterol metabolism relative to other long-chain fatty acids The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- 2007, Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Enforcement Discretion – Corn Oil and Corn Oil-Containing Products and a Reduced Risk of Heart Disease US Food and Drug Administration
- 2002, Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), p.3263, Circulation
- Risérus U et al, 2009, Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes PubMed
Linoleic Acid (LA)
What is linoleic acid (LA)?
Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid.
Chart 1. Foods High in Linoleic Acid |
|
| FOOD | Linoleic Acid (g) |
| Safflower oil (1 tbsp, 14 g) | 10 |
| Sunflower seeds, oil roasted (1 oz, 28 g) | 10 |
| Pine nuts (1 oz, 28 g) | 9 |
| Sunflower oil (1 tbsp, 14 g) | 9 |
| Corn oil (1 tbsp, 14 g) | 7 |
| Brazil nuts (1 oz, 28 g) | 7 |
| Pumpkin seeds (1 oz, 28 g) | 6 |
| Pecans, oil roasted (1 oz, 28 g) | 6 |
| Sesame oil (1 tbsp, 14 g) | 5 |
Chart 1 reference: USDA.gov [1]
Linoleic Acid Health Benefits
Cholesterol Levels and Coronary Heart Disease
Linoleic acid, when used instead of saturated fats, might be MILDLY EFFECTIVE in reducing the blood levels of total and LDL cholesterol and consequently reducing the risk of heart disease [1,2,4]. However, linoleic acid can also decrease HDL levels [2]. There is INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE about the heart-protective effect of corn oil (which is high in linoleic acid) [3].
Diabetes Mellitus
There is SOME EVIDENCE that high intake of linoleic acid may improve insulin sensitivity [5].
Lipids
- FATTY ACIDS
- Saturated
- Monounsaturated
- Polyunsaturated
- Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
- Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs)
- Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs)
- Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs)
- Monoglycerides
- Diglycerides
- Triglycerides
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Glucose
- Isomaltose
- Isomaltulose
- Lactose
- Maltose
- Mannose
- Sucrose
- Tagatose
- Trehalose
- Trehalulose
- Xylose
- Erythritol
- Glycerol
- Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates (HSH)
- Inositol
- Isomalt
- Lactitol
- Maltitol
- Mannitol
- Sorbitol
- Xylitol
- Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS)
- Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)
- Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO)
- Isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO)
- Maltotriose
- Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS)
- Raffinose, stachyose, verbascose
- SOLUBLE FIBER:
- Acacia (arabic) gum
- Agar-agar
- Algin-alginate
- Arabynoxylan
- Beta-glucan
- Beta mannan
- Carageenan gum
- Carob or locust bean gum
- Fenugreek gum
- Galactomannans
- Gellan gum
- Glucomannan or konjac gum
- Guar gum
- Hemicellulose
- Inulin
- Karaya gum
- Pectin
- Polydextrose
- Psyllium husk mucilage
- Resistant starches
- Tara gum
- Tragacanth gum
- Xanthan gum
- INSOLUBLE FIBER:
- Cellulose
- Chitin and chitosan
- Vitamin A - Retinol and retinal
- Vitamin B1 - Thiamine
- Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin
- Vitamin B3 - Niacin
- Vitamin B5 - Pantothenic acid
- Vitamin B6 - Pyridoxine
- Vitamin B7 - Biotin
- Vitamin B9 - Folic acid
- Vitamin B12 - Cobalamin
- Choline
- Vitamin C - Ascorbic acid
- Vitamin D - Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol
- Vitamin E - Tocopherol
- Vitamin K - Phylloquinone
- Curcumin
- FLAVONOIDS:
- Anthocyanidins
- Flavanols: Proanthocyanidins
- Flavanones: Hesperidin
- Flavonols: Quercetin
- Flavones: Diosmin, Luteolin
- Isoflavones: daidzein, genistein
- Caffeic acid
- Chlorogenic acid
- Lignans
- Resveratrol
- Tannins
- Tannic acid
- Alcohol chemical and physical properties
- Alcoholic beverages types (beer, wine, spirits)
- Denatured alcohol
- Alcohol absorption, metabolism, elimination
- Alcohol and body temperature
- Alcohol and the skin
- Alcohol, appetite and digestion
- Neurological effects of alcohol
- Alcohol, hormones and neurotransmitters
- Alcohol and pain
- Alcohol, blood pressure, heart disease and stroke
- Women, pregnancy, children and alcohol
- Alcohol tolerance
- Alcohol, blood glucose and diabetes
- Alcohol intolerance, allergy and headache
- Alcohol and psychological disorders
- Alcohol and vitamin, mineral and protein deficiency
- Alcohol-drug interactions